Defense and Security

A stylized digital illustration displaying a lineup of modern military weapons, including a K-4 ballistic missile, an attack helicopter, a battle tank, an artillery cannon, and an assault rifle, all silhouetted against a textured orange background.

Regional Arms Control at Risk: The K-4 Missile and Its Escalating Impact on South Asia

Muhammad Shahzad Akram June 12, 2025

The K-4, also known as Kalam-4, is an intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) developed by...

A digital painting shows a large armored man symbolizing a powerful state facing a smaller, confident man with a shield bearing Pakistan’s crescent and star, against a backdrop of South Asia's map.

A regional Bully has been humbled

Javeria Irshad May 31, 2025

Repetitive aggressive behavior and exercise of power that is intentional and involves an imbalance of...

A geopolitical illustration showing the flags of China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India alongside military assets, national landmarks, and strategic waterways against a mountainous South Asian backdrop.

The China-Pakistan-Bangladesh Triangle: A Counterweight to India’s Aspirational Dominance

Maliha Fatima Arain May 6, 2025

“The neighborhood first policy often becomes India first in practice”. India’s so called “Neighborhood First”...

A conceptual digital illustration representing the theme of hybrid warfare, featuring abstract silhouettes, digital code patterns, and psychological elements symbolizing information warfare and cognitive manipulation

The Silent Revolution: Info-Psyches of Hybrid Warfare

Saad Burney April 3, 2025

Introduction In the 21st century, technology is evolving rapidly which enables and fosters strategic innovation...

A dramatic digital illustration of PAF and IAF fighter jets facing off mid-air, with vapor trails and a tense cloudy sky, symbolizing the Pulwama-Balakot crisis standoff.

Prudence versus Opportunism: Reminiscing the 2019 Pulwama-Balakot Crisis

Maryam Raashed March 18, 2025

Owing to the enduring rivalry between the two nuclear-armed states; India and Pakistan, strategic stability...

An illustration symbolizing NATO's counter-terrorism efforts in 2024, featuring the NATO emblem surrounded by elements like military personnel, digital shields, surveillance drones, and maps of Europe and North America. The background includes a gradient of dark blue and silver tones with glowing interconnected lines representing global security networks.

NATO’s Counter-Terrorism Policy in 2024: Relevance and Impact

maryam January 3, 2025

In May 2024, Poland responded to a number of Russian cyberattacks that were aimed at...

Silhouette of a man observing a globe, with a tank, a rising bar graph, and a textured red-orange background symbolizing global security and policy challenges.

Changing World Security Paradigm and policy Options for Pakistan

Alam Nawaz October 2, 2024

This study will explore policy options for Pakistan in the transiting world security paradigm. The...